String Quartet in F Major, Opus 135
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
Born December 16, 1770, Bonn
Died March 26, 1827, Vienna

This quartet-Beethoven's last complete composition-comes from the fall of 1826, one of the blackest moments in his life. During the previous two years, Beethoven had written three string quartets on commission from Prince Nikolas Galitzin, and another, the Quartet in C-sharp Minor, Opus 131, composed between January and June 1826. Even then Beethoven was not done with the possibilities of the string quartet: he pressed on with still another, making sketches for the Quartet in F Major during the summer of 1826.

At that point his world collapsed. His twenty-year-old nephew Karl, who had become Beethoven's ward after a bitter court fight with the boy's mother, attempted suicide. The composer was shattered-friends reported that he suddenly looked seventy years old. When the young man had recovered enough to travel, Beethoven took him-and the sketches for the new quartet-to the country home of Beethoven's brother Johann in Gneixendorf, a village about thirty miles west of Vienna. There, as he nursed Karl back to health, Beethoven's own health began to fail. He would get up and compose at dawn, spend his days walking through the fields, and then resume composing in the evening. In Gneixendorf he completed the Quartet in F Major in October and wrote a new finale to his earlier Quartet in B-flat Major, Opus 130. These were his final works. When Beethoven returned to Vienna in December, he went almost immediately to bed and died the following March.

One would expect music composed under such turbulent circumstances to be anguished, but the Quartet in F Major is radiant music, full of sunlight-it is as if Beethoven achieved in this quartet the peace unavailable to him in life.

The opening movement, significantly marked Allegretto rather than the expected Allegro is in sonata form-though a sonata form without overt conflict-and Beethoven builds it on brief thematic fragments rather than long melodies. This is poised, relaxed music, and the final cadence-on the falling figure that has run throughout the movement-is remarkable for its understatement. By contrast, the Vivace bristles with energy. Its outer sections rocket along on a sharply-syncopated main idea, while the vigorous trio sends the first violin sailing high above the other voices. The ending is impressive: the music grows quiet, comes to a moment of stasis, and then Beethoven wrenches it to a stop with a sudden, stinging surprise.

The slow movement-Beethoven carefully marks it Lento assai, cantante e tranquillo-is built on the first violin's heartfelt opening melody; the even slower middle section, full of halting rhythms, spans only ten measures before the return of the opening material, now elaborately decorated. The final movement has occasioned the most comment. In the manuscript, Beethoven noted two three-note mottos at its beginning under the heading Der schwer gefasste Entschluss: "The Difficult Resolution." The first, solemnly intoned by viola and cello, asks the question: "Muss es sein?" ("Must it be?"). The violins' inverted answer, which comes at the Allegro, is set to the words "Es muss sein!" ("It must be!"). Coupled with the fact that this quartet is virtually Beethoven's final composition, these mottos have given rise to a great deal of pretentious nonsense from certain commentators, mainly to the effect that they must represent Beethoven's last thoughts, a stirring philosophical affirmation of life's possibilities. The actual origins of this motto are a great deal less imposing, for they arose from a dispute over an unpaid bill, and as a private joke for friends Beethoven wrote a humorous canon on the dispute, the theme of which he later adapted for this quartet movement. In any case, the mottos furnish material for what turns out to be a powerful but essentially cheerful movement. The coda, which begins pizzicato, gradually gives way to bowed notes and a cadence on the "Es muss sein!" motto.